Linux
Linux is one of the most used operating systems in the world. It can run on phones, laptops, andeven the fastest supercomputers. The story starts small though. A Finnish student began apersonal project and then shared it online. In 1991, that small kernel took its first steps. It wasdue to the open-source sharing and global teamwork that it grew into a free system.The GroundworkEven before the creation of Linux, a few big ideas already shaped computing. And thenengineers at AT&T created Unix in 1969. It was coded in the C language, so programs could bemore easily moved from one machine to another. That was a major step for researchers andstudents. And later in the 1980s, Unix was commercialized. But the Licenses were expensive,and access was also restricted.That last lockout had generated a response in the digital world. And so, in 1983, RichardStallman announced the GNU Project. His intention was crystal clear – to create a free Unix-likesystem that anyone could use, share and learn with. The team developed essential tools suchas the compilers, text editors, command shells, etc. But one element remained absent at thecore. They needed a kernel that could make it all work.Things changed when professor Andrew Tanenbaum published Minix in 1987. It was a modestlittle Unix-like system that was designed for education. Now, there was something studentscould see working in an operating system. But the license included severe restrictions onmodifications and sharing. The stage was set for a new direction.A Student’s Hobby Project Changes EverythingLinus Torvalds was a 21 year-old computer science student at the University of Helsinki. In1991, he wanted more freedom than what Minix allowed at that time as he was not satisfied withthe entire system. Linus started writing his own kernel on his Intel 386. At first, it was just forlearning.He posted early code to the internet with a humble note: he was making a free operating system“just a hobby.” But that message caught attention. Many programmers tried it, then sent fixesand ideas. Linus made a crucial call. He released the code under the GNU General Public
License (GPL). That license allowed anyone to use, study, modify, and share the code. The onlycondition required was that they need to share their changes back.The change was immediate. A solo project turned into a team effort. Volunteers added devicedrivers, cleaned bugs, and made the kernel run on more hardware. The pace picked up fast asmore people joined and contributed.From “Freax” to “Linux”The project almost had a different name. Linus first used “Freax,” a blend of “free,” “freak,” and“Unix.” When he uploaded files to an FTP server, the admin, Ari Lemmke, disliked that label. Hecreated a folder named “Linux” instead. The new name felt simple and clear, and it stayed.The penguin mascot arrived later in 1996. Linus once joked that a penguin had nipped him at azoo. Artists and fans played with the idea. The friendly bird became “Tux,” and the communityembraced it.Building a Complete SystemA kernel by itself cannot do much. It needs tools and utilities to form a full system. And this iswhere GNU software became necessary. The Bash shell, the GCC compiler, and core utilitiesfilled out the user space. Put together with the Linux kernel, they formed a complete operatingsystem people could use for their work.The Legacy Lives OnLinux shows how open collaboration can help shape technology. A clear license and a publicprocess can build trust and momentum. And this model inspired countless other projects insoftware and education. The kernel keeps evolving as new chips and security needs appear.Maintainers also added features, refactor old parts, and guard stability.